| Title: | Stephens, S.L. 1998. Evaluation of the effects of silvicultural and fuel treatments on potetential fire behaviour in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management 105 (1998) 21-35. |
| Abstract: | Fire suppression has increased fuel loads and fuel continuity in mixed-conifer ecosystems, resulting in forest structures that are vulnerable to catastrophic fire. This paper models fire behaviour in a mixed-conifer forest and investigates how silvicultural and fuel treatments affect potential fire behaviour. The computer program FARSITE was used to spatially and temporally model fire growth and behaviour. Treatments include pile and burn. |
| Location: | Forest Ecology and Management and WFORC (Hinton). |
| Title: | Cleaves, D.A.,Martinez, J., Haines, T.K. ____. Influences on prescribed burning activity and costs in the national forest system. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station. General Technical Report SRS-37. |
| Abstract: | The results of a survey concerning National Forest System prescribed burning activity and costs from 1985 to 1995 are examined. 95 of 114 national forests responded. Acerage burned and costs for conducting burns are reported for four types of prescribed fire: slash reduction; management-ignited fires; prescribed natural fires; and brush,grass and rangeland burns. |
| Location: | WFORC, Hinton |
| Title: | Alberta Research Council, 1999. Fire and Harvest Residual (FAHR) Project: The impact of wildfire and harvest residuals on forest structure and biodiversity in aspen-dominated boreal forests of Alberta. Final Summary Report. Prepared for Alberta Environment. |
| Executive Summary: | The Fire and Harvest Residual Project compares the early successional trajectories for forest structure and biodiversity between wildfire- and harvest-origin aspen-dominated stands within northcentral Alberta. This retrospective study compared the most common wildfire residual pattern (< 1% live merchantable timber) to a harvest strategy leaving 5-6% live merchantable timber over the first 28 years of succession. |
| Location: | http://www.gov.ab.ca/env/resrched.html |
| Title: | Wagener, W.W. and Offord, H.R. 1972. Logging slash: its breakdown and decay at two forests in northern California. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PSW-83 / 1972. |
| Introduction: | This paper reports data on slash breakdown and decay for four conifer species under conditions typical at two sites on the Sierra Nevada, northern California, and suggests their implications for forest protection and management. The findings provide a basis for interpreting the records of slash studies in other regions. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Stelfox, B. (et al.) 1995. Relationships between stand age, stand structure, and biodiversity in Aspen mixedwood forests in Alberta. ARC Report. A joint publication of the Alberta Environment Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Alberta Land and Forest Services. |
| Executive Summary: | Resource managers and the environmental community are concerned that intensive clearcut logging of Alberta's aspen-dominated boreal mixedwood forests at 60-70 year rotations may alter the age class structure of the forest landscape and result in a change in forest structure and biota. In response to these concerns, we described forest structure and composition of plant and animal communities in young (20-30 years), mature (50-65 years) and old (120+ years) aspen mixedwood stands of fire origin in Alberta. The information collected in this study will serve as a reference against which structure and biota in harvested forests can be compared. |
| Location: | http://www.borealcentre.ca/reports/stelfox/aspen.html |
| Title: | Steele, R.W. 1960. Fuel Hazard Rating of slash on state and private lands in Montana. Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, School of Forestry, Montana State University, Missoula, Montana. Bulletin No. 14 May 1960. |
| Introduction: | This paper describes slash disposal problems and conditions that exist on state and privately owned forested lands in Montana. The degree of fire hazard reduction resulting from current methods of slash disposal is discussed. A proposal for more flexible slash appraisal system is also presented. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Simard, A.J., Graham, J.D., Young, G.A. and Redmond, R.D. 1979. Canadian Forest Fire Statistics: 1961-1966. Forest Fire Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service. Information Report FF-X-70. |
| Abstract: | This report provides a set of Canadian forest fire statistics for the period 1961 to 1966. Data for 43,796 fires from every control agency in Canada were processed and stored on magnetic tape. This report contains statistics on fire occurrence and fire suppression. Under occurrence, the number of fires are tabulated with respect to time and location of occurrence, and cause. Occurrence probabilities are related to the Canadian forest fire weather index. Under suppression, distributions and summary statistics are presented for fire areas, suppression times, costs and damages, and fire-to-lake distances. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Schimke, H.E., Murphy, J.L. 1966. Protective coatings of asphalt and wax emulsions for better slash burning. Fire Control Notes 27(2):5,6,15. |
| Abstract: | Disposal of logging slash is one of the biggest problems confronting the forest manager. He cannot burn during the summer because fires may escape. During the wet winter he can safely burn, but fuels often are too wet. He needs a method of keeping slash dry. Protective covers of tar paper, kraft paper, and plastic have been used. However, they are expensive, and wind can tear or displace them. In 1961 Kirkmire said that asphalt and wax emulsions sprayed on slash showed promise for speeding slash disposal. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Ramsey, G.S, and Higgins, D.G. 1986. Canadian Forest Fire Statistics: 1981, 1982, 1983. Petawawa National Forestry Institute. Canadian Forestry Service. Information Report PI-X-49 E/F. |
| Abstract: | The tables presented here contain forest fire statistics for the calendar years 1981, 1982, and 1983 as reported by all Canadian forest fire control agencies. The statistical data are presented separately for each province or other major jurisdiction and for Canada as a whole. Where possible, a comparable average value for the previous 10 years is listed beside each annual statistic. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Ramsey, G.S, and Higgins, D.G. 1991. Canadian Forest Fire Statistics: 1984-1987. Petawawa National Forestry Institute. Forestry Canada. Information Report PI-X-74E. |
| Abstract: | The tables presented here contain forest fire statistics for the calendar years 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987 as reported by all Canadian forest fire control agencies. The statistical data are presented separately for each province or other major jurisdiction, and for Canada as a whole. Where possible, a comparable average value for the previous 10 years is listed beside each annual statistic. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Murphy, P.J. 1985. History of forest and prairie fire control policy in Alberta. Alberta Energy and Natural Resources Forest Service. Edmonton, Alberta. 408 p. |
| Description: | Provides a history of fire in Alberta. Several references to the fire problems caused by logging debris. |
| Location: | Major libraries across Canada, University of Alberta Library and WFORC |
| Title: | Morris, G.A. 198?. A simple method for computing spotting distances from wind-driven surface fires. Res. Note INT-374. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 6 p. |
| Abstract: | Summarizes past efforts to model fire spotting from wildland fires. Explains how Albini's spotting model for wind-driven surface fires was simplified with no loss in accuracy and the resulting model implemented in BEHAVE fire prediction and fire modeling computer system and on the HP-71B calculator. |
| Location: | WFORC, Hinton |
| Title: | Miyagawa, R.S. 1976. Man-Caused Fires 1961-1975. Research Note No. 17 April 1976. Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Forest Service |
| Introduction: | In the fifteen year period 1961 to 1975, 5,271 man-caused fires damaged over one million acres. The cost of fighting these fires exceeded 8 million dollars. The destructive nature of man-caused fires is often underestimated. In 1968 during a one week period, over 800,000 acres were burned due to man's carelessness. In the five year period 1970 to 1974, eighteen man-caused fires burned more than five hundred acres with a total area damaged, over 50,000 acres. The suppression costs of these fires alone exceeded a million dollars.Unlike lightning caused fires, man-caused fires are preventable. In 1973 a three year prevention plan was implemented by the Alberta Forest Service. This plan concluded in 1975. The present study was initiated to review the effects of the past plan and to recommend a future course of action based on historical trends and patterns. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Miyagawa, R.S. 1974. Fire Size 1961-1970. Preliminary Report. Research Note No. 15 May 1974. Alberta Lands and Forests, Forest Service. |
| Description: | Fire History |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Luke, A.B., Scarlett, D.J., and Archibald, D.J. 1993. Roadside slash pile burning in Northeastern Ontario. OMNR, Northeast Science & Technology (NEST). Technical Note 002. 8pp. |
| Introduction: | Mechanized full-tree logging is the preferred harvesting system in Northeastern Ontario. These operations typically involve roadside delimbing, producing large quantities of slash at roadsides and landings. Slash pile burning involves gathering the slash into concentrated areas and subsequently burning it in piles. This method of slash disposal has not been consistently applied across Northeastern Ontario in the past. Slash pile burning is a very effective slash disposal method. Eliminating roadside slash piles will recover land for forest production and reduce wildfire hazard. Best results are achieved when slash is piled and cured before burning. Factors affecting the choice of ignition device are reviewed on Page 5. A decision key is introduced on Page 6 to assist managers in developing a slash pile burning strategy. |
| Location: | WFORC, Hinton. FERIC Library, Point Claire, Quebec |
| Title: | Kiil, A. D. 1971. Fire hazard from large block clearcutting in Alberta. In: Some implications of large-scale clearcutting in Alberta. A Literature Review. By Johnson, H.J., Cerezke, H.F., Endean, F., Hillman, G.R., Kiil, A.D., Lees, J.C., Loman, A.A., and Powell, J.M. Northern Forest Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta. Information Report NOR-X-6. Canadian Forestry Service, Dept. Of the Environment, September 1971. |
| Abstract: | In Alberta, from 5 to 25 tons of logging debris per acre less than 4 inches in diameter are left behind on the over 50,000 acres of forested land that are harvested annually. It is generally recognized that this fuel type represents a special fire control problem but there is much concern about the effectiveness of conventional methods to reduce the hazard to an acceptable level. A review of pertinent literature was carried out to provide a basis for comparing the fire hazard in clearcuts and uncut stands and to interpret the findings in terms of the effect of the size of clearcut on fire behaviour. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton (WFORC) |
| Title: | Kiil, A.D. 1970. An assessment of fire hazard on seismic lines in Alberta. Forest Research Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta. Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. Information Report A-X-32. |
| Introduction: | This report assesses the effectiveness of partial debris-disposal methods in terms of fire hazard and makes recommendations relating to the reduction of fire hazard on seismic lines. The report is based on field inspection of seismic lines before, during, and after wildfires, discussions with members of the Alberta Forest Service and oil industry, and the writer's knowledge about fire behaviour in forest debris |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Kiil, A.D. 1968. Changes in the physical characteristics and moisture content of pine and spruce-fir slash during the first five years after logging. Canada Department of Forestry and Rural Development, Forest Research Laboratory Edmonton, Alberta. Internal Report A-14. (Not for Publication). |
| Introduction: | The purpose of this study is to determine the changes in the physical characteristics and moisture content of logging slash for a number of years after felling, thereby providing a background of knowledge for an assessment of slash fire hazard at various stages of decay. Emphasis is being placed on determining the rate of drying and the magnitude of the changes in selected physical characteristics of untreated, lopped and scattered, "walked over" with a bulldozer, and scarified slash. |
| Location: | Northern Forestry Centre Library, Edmonton, Alberta and WFORC, Hinton |
| Title: | Kiil, A.D. 1964. A preliminary study of the physical characteristics and moisture content of clearcut lodgepole pine and white spruce slash in Alberta. Progress Report Project A-602. Canada Department of Forestry, Forest Research Branch. (Not for Publication). |
| Introduction: | The purpose of this project is to study the physical characteristics and moisture content of lodgepole pine and white spruce slash on clearcuts. Emphasis will be placed on an objective comparison of slash conditions and moisture content in lopped and unlopped slash. It is hoped that the results of this study will provide a basis for an extensive and practical evaluation of slash flammability for the two species at various ages after clearcutting. |
| Location: | Northern Forestry Centre Library, Edmonton Alberta and WFORC, Hinton |
| Title: | Johnson, V.J. 1984. How shape affects the burning of piled debris. Fire Management Notes Volume 45 No. 3. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. USDA Forest Service. p. 12- 15. |
| Overview: | This article describes the results of a test to determine if the shape of a pile affects the burnout time of piled logging residue. The study found that burnout time of brush piles does not appear to be influenced by the shape of the pile, but times may vary because of differences in 1) maximum size of fuel particles 2) porosity of the pile and 3) the distribution or blend of sizes of component fuel particles. Suprisingly, moisture content had only a modest effect on burnout time (in a range that allows ignition to propogate). |
| Location: | Fire Management Notes and WFORC, Hinton |
| Title: | Johansen, R.W. 1981. Windrow Vs small piles for forest debris disposal. Fire Management Notes. Volume 42, No. 2. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. USDA Forest Service, Spring 1981. p 7-9. |
| Overview: | This paper compares small piles to windrows for burning speed, the amount of smoke, site access and operational costs. |
| Location: | Fire Management Notes and WFORC, Hinton |
| Title: | Hedin, I.B. 1991. Treatment of logging residues: Alternatives to prescribed burning. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. Vancouver, BC. |
| Description: | This report summarizes the literature pertaining to current alternatives for harvesting and utilizing or disposing of logging residue, concentrating on Canadian and American publications for the period of 1980-1990. It also summarises telephone conversations, during January to March, 1991, with forest industry and government agency personnel, primarily in British Columbia and Alberta, but also in Eastern Canada and the United States, and outlines the equipment alternatives for residue treatment. The literature and these conversations are not exhaustive, but are as complete as time and budget allowed. The conclusions and recommendations indicate a direction for future activities in logging residue treatments. |
| Location: | FERIC Library. Point Claire, Quebec and WFORC, Hinton (FERIC Members only) |
| Title: | Fahnestock, G.R. and Dieterich, J.H. 1962. Logging slash flammability after five years. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, Ogden, Utah. Research Paper No. 70. |
| Abstract: | During the 5 years after it was cut and placed on sample plots, slash of nine Rocky Mountain tree species changed greatly in appearance and flammability. Western white pine, lodgepole pine, western redcedar, and western hemlock still retained relatively large amounts of fine slash components well above the ground; experimental burning showed that flammability was still high. Grand fir and western larch had deteriorated most, and they exhibited very low flammability. Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and Engelmann spruce were intermediate. |
| Location: | Environmental Training Centre, Hinton. (WFORC) |
| Title: | Chase, C.H. 1984. Spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires - Extensions of equations for pocket calculators. Res. Note INT-346. Ogden UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 21 p |
| Abstract: | Extends equations for calculating the maximum spot fire distance to include wind-driven fires burning in surface fuels as a firebrand source. Predictions are based upon prevailing windspeed, vegetation cover, and local terrain. The equations can be used on a programmable pocket calculator. Previous methods for calculating spotting distance from torching trees and burning piles are also included. Potential uses are in fire management planning and in predicting real-time fire behaviour. |
| Location: | WFORC, Hinton. |
| Title: | Bulley, B. 1999. Aspen logging debris management techniques. Wood Harvesting Technical Note TN-283, March 1999. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. 12 p. |
| Abstract: | In 1997, the Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada (FERIC), Alberta Research Council (ARC), Ainsworth Lumber Inc., and Daishowa-Marubeni International Ltd. Conducted a study to determine the productivities and costs of various methods of managing logging debris in aspen cutblocks. Conventional roadside processing, two in-block processing treatments (intermediate skid and at-the-stump processing), and roadside processing with subsequent dispersal of slash into the block were assessed. |
| Location: | FERIC Library. Point Claire, Quebec and WFORC, Hinton (FERIC Members only) |
| Title: | BC Ministry of Forests. 1992. Alternatives to Prescribed Burning. Ministry of Forests Silviculture Branch, Victoria, BC. Province of British Columbia. |
| Executive Summary: | Prescribed fire (i.e., slashburning) has been the tool most commonly used to satisfy the needs of both hazard abatement and site preparation. Recently, the use of fire has decreased relative to other options due to: the increased cost of burning; raised public concern in areas sensitive to smoke; changes in the policy regulating burning; and a significant increase in viable treatment alternatives. The trend toward alternative forms of treatment is expected to continue. Alternatives now range from no treatment to relatively aggressive forms of mechanical site preparation. This paper focuses on the alternatives to using prescribed burning as a silvicultural site preparation tool on clearcut areas in British Columbia. |
| Location: | WFORC Hinton, BC Forest Service Protection Library, Victoria, BC |
| Title: | Anon. 1991. Prescribed Fire Management in Alberta. Workshop February 25-27, 1991. Forest Technology School, Hinton, Alberta. |
| Introduction: | This set of small papers contains a number of presentation papers and a copy of the program including abstracts of the presentations. Objectives of the workshop were to: review prescribed burning manual, procedures, policies and responsibilities. Present appropriate background information related to fire and resource management. Present issues of integrated planning, budgeting and implementation of departmental prescribed burns. Identify problems with the integrated approach and formulate resolutions in a workshop format (short term) (long term). |
| Location: | WFORC, Hinton |
| Title: | Alexander, M.E. 1982. Fire behaviour in aspen slash fuels as related to the Canadian Fire Weather Index. Can. J. For. Res. 12: 1028-1029. |
| Abstract: | The characteristics and short-term results of experimental prescribed fires in 2-year-old trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) logging slash in northern Minnesota have been described by D.A. Perala (1974. Can. J. For. Res. 4:222-228). The associated burning conditions are expressed here in terms of the weather-dependent numerical fuel moisture codes and fire behaviour indexes of the Canadian system of forest fire danger rating. |
| Location: | WFORC Hinton or any Forestry Library |
| Title: | Alberta Lands and Forest Service.1994. Alberta's Prescribed Burn Manual. Alberta Lands and Forest Service. Edmonton, Alberta. |
| Introduction: | The purpose of this manual is to aid resource managers and fire managers in developing and writing prescribed fire plans for the Forest Protection Area. |
| Location: | Forest Protection Library, Edmonton, Alberta and WFORC Hinton. |